An Intrusion–Extrusion Triboelectric Nanogenerator (IE-TENG) is a mechanical energy harvesting device that generates electricity by utilizing the periodic contact and separation between two triboelectric materials during the processes of intrusion (one surface or material penetrating into another) and extrusion (withdrawal). The repeated motion induces charge transfer between the contacting surfaces, creating a potential difference that

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A nanogenerator is an energy-harvesting device that utilizes nanoscale physical effects—such as the piezoelectric effect, triboelectric effect, or electrostatic induction—to generate electrical power from ambient mechanical or thermal energy sources (e.g., vibrations, body motion, air flow, or sound waves). Key Working Principles: Depending on the underlying mechanism, nanogenerators can be classified as: Main Characteristics :

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